every truckload of fly

ash is a surprise

Problem statement

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) — primarily fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag — can replace 15–50% of Portland cement in concrete, reducing embodied carbon proportionally. But fly ash quality varies dramatically depending on coal source, combustion conditions, and collection methods, and this variability propagates directly into concrete performance. A batch of Class F fly ash from one source may produce excellent durability; the next batch from the same source may cause alkali-silica reaction or delayed ettringite formation. As coal power plants close (the primary fly ash source), remaining and alternative SCM sources (natural pozzolans, calcined clays) are even more variable.

Why this matters

Cement production accounts for ~8% of global CO₂ emissions. SCM replacement is the fastest path to reducing embodied carbon in concrete — no new materials or processes required. But engineers compensate for quality uncertainty by using conservative (low) replacement rates that limit carbon reduction, or by specifying extensive testing regimes that add cost and time. Resolving this would unlock 2–3× higher SCM replacement rates across the industry.

What’s been tried and why it hasn’t worked

ASTM C618 classifies fly ash as Class C or Class F, but this binary classification masks huge within-class variability. The Loss on Ignition (LOI) test is the primary quality indicator but doesn't capture all performance-relevant properties. The R3 (Rapid, Relevant, Reliable) reactivity test is emerging as a better predictor but takes 7 days and isn't yet standardized or widely adopted. Blended cement producers do quality control at the cement plant, but ready-mix producers who add SCMs at the batch plant have less control. X-ray fluorescence and diffraction characterize composition but don't predict performance in a specific concrete mix.

What would unlock progress

A rapid, field-deployable SCM reactivity test that can characterize a batch of fly ash or natural pozzolan in under 1 hour and predict its performance in concrete — specifically its contribution to strength, alkali-silica reaction mitigation potential, and sulfate resistance. This would also require a digital "materials passport" system tracking SCM provenance, composition, and test results through the supply chain. The combination would let engineers confidently use higher SCM replacement rates without durability risk.

Entry points for student teams

A team could collect fly ash samples from multiple sources, run both R3 reactivity tests and rapid characterization methods (XRF, particle size analysis, calorimetry), and develop a predictive model for concrete performance. Materials science and civil engineering skills would be most relevant. The R3 test protocol from ASTM C1897 provides a standardized starting point.