Poisoned in Three Countries, Treated in None

An estimated 169 million international migrant workers and hundreds of millions of internal migrants (e.g., China's 290 million rural-to-urban migrants) move between employers, sectors, and jurisdictions throughout their working lives. Many occupational diseases — silicosis, asbestosis, chronic pesticide exposure, noise-induced hearing loss, musculoskeletal degeneration — are caused by cumulative exposure over years and across multiple jobs. No system exists to track a migrant worker's occupational health exposures as they move from farm to construction site to factory to another country. Each employer (if formal) maintains only its own exposure records; each national health system captures only encounters within its borders; and workers themselves cannot access, carry, or aggregate their exposure history. By the time a migrant worker develops silicosis in their home country after a decade of dust exposure in Gulf state construction, the causal chain is untraceable and the liable employers are unreachable.

Migrant workers are concentrated in the most hazardous occupations: construction, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and domestic work. The ILO estimates that migrant workers face occupational injury rates 2–3× higher than native workers in the same sectors, partly because they cycle through employers too rapidly for any single employer's health surveillance to capture cumulative harm. In the Gulf states, an estimated 10,000+ construction worker deaths over the past decade are attributed partly to occupational exposures that accumulated across multiple employers and worksites. Without longitudinal exposure tracking, the burden of occupational disease in migrant populations is massively underestimated, liable parties cannot be identified, and prevention is impossible because the exposure pattern is invisible.

Some countries mandate pre-employment medical examinations for migrant workers (Gulf states, Malaysia, South Korea), but these are screening tools that detect existing disease — they do not track ongoing exposure. The ILO's ISSA guidelines recommend portable health records for migrant workers, but no standardized format exists, no international agreement mandates their use, and paper records are routinely lost during migration. Electronic health record systems are national and not interoperable across borders. Bilateral labor agreements sometimes include health provisions, but enforcement is weak and coverage is limited to formally recruited workers, excluding the majority who migrate through informal channels. The fundamental barrier is jurisdictional: occupational health data sovereignty follows national boundaries, but migrant workers' exposure histories cross them.

A worker-portable, interoperable occupational health exposure record that: (1) is owned and controlled by the worker (not the employer or government); (2) records exposure type, duration, and intensity in a standardized format compatible with major disease registries; (3) is accessible across jurisdictions without requiring bilateral government agreements; and (4) cannot be used against the worker (for employment discrimination or visa denial). Blockchain-based credential systems, WHO's SMART Health Links, and the EU's European Health Data Space provide architectural models — the adaptation challenge is designing for a population with low digital literacy, frequent SIM card changes, and justified distrust of institutional data collection.

A team could design and prototype a mobile-first occupational exposure tracking tool for a specific migrant worker population (e.g., seasonal agricultural workers in the U.S., construction workers in the Gulf), testing whether workers will voluntarily record exposure data if given ownership and privacy guarantees. A data standards team could propose an interoperable exposure record format that maps to ICD-11 occupational disease codes and existing electronic health record systems. Relevant disciplines: public health informatics, human-computer interaction, labor policy, data privacy, migration studies.